3-12 Kinds of Concrete Additives Used in Refractory Castable, Plastic and Ramming Materials (3)

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The European Commission has submitted to member states a new draft of sanctions against Russia, including an oil embargo. Some member states that rely heavily on Russian energy sought exemptions.  

Western media reported that the European Commission draft of the sixth round of sanctions against Russia includes within six to eight months gradually banning oil imports from Russia, but allowing Hungary and Slovakia to extend the transition period for several months; The Russian Savings bank and other large financial institutions on the sanctions list.  

The European Union has imported 44 billion euros of fossil fuels from Russia since Russia launched its special military operation against Ukraine in late February, according to Finland's Energy and Clean Air Research Center.  

The Institute for European and Global Economics in Brussels estimates that the European Union currently consumes about $450 million worth of Russian oil a day.  

Among EU members, landlocked Hungary and Slovakia, which import most of their oil from Russia, cannot quickly find alternative supplies.  Slovakia says the transition will take years.  Some officials believe Bulgaria and the Czech Republic may also seek to opt out of oil sanctions against Russia.

Affected by the ever-changing international situation, the supply and prices of international bulk pce powder are still very uncertain.

The properties and varieties of concrete additives for refractories, especially refractory castables, ramming materials, plastics and other amorphous refractories are different. The role of an concrete additive is also different due to the difference of the amount of concrete additive, the type of binder used, the ingredients and so on. In the production process of amorphous refractories, the concrete additives mainly used can be divided into the following twelve categories according to their uses:

9. Defoamer

Defoamer can quickly escape the bubbles produced by amorphous refractories during mixing or vibration molding. Defoamer is also a surface active substance, and its ability to reduce liquid surface tension is much stronger than that of foaming agent. The strength of the formed liquid film is greatly reduced, the foam loses its stability, and the spreading speed on the liquid surface is faster, the faster the spreading speed is, the stronger the defoaming effect is. The types of defoamers include alcohols, fatty acids and fatty acid salts, organosilicon compounds and so on.

10. Anti-shrinkage agent

Anti-shrinkage agent can reduce or prevent the shrinkage caused by heating and use of refractories after forming, also known as volume stabilizer or expansive agent. Its anti-shrinkage principle is:

Thermal decomposition:

The anti-shrinkage agent will be pyrolyzed after high temperature heating, and the molar volume of the product is larger than that of the original material before pyrolysis, thus compensating the sintering shrinkage of the material. Such as kyanite anti-shrinkage agent.

Chemical reaction:

After high temperature chemical reaction, the molar volume of the new phase is larger than that of the original reaction phase, thus the sintering shrinkage can be compensated. If α-Al2O3 is added to magnesia castables as anti-shrinkage agent, the volume expansion effect can be produced by the formation of alumina-magnesia spinel by high temperature reaction. For example, the bonded clay or silica powder is added to the high alumina castable to compensate the sintering shrinkage by the volume expansion effect of mullite produced at high temperature.

Crystal transformation:

The added anti-shrinkage agent can not only change the crystal form of expansion in the process of high temperature heating, but also compensate the shrinkage of sintering. For example, in aluminosilicate castable or plastic, an appropriate amount of silica powder is added to compensate the sintering shrinkage of the matrix with the help of the volume expansion when quartz is transformed into cristobalite or cristobalite.

11. Preservation agent

The preservation agent can keep the construction performance unchanged or unchanged after the amorphous refractories are stored for a certain period of time. For example, Al2O3-SiO2 series refractory plastics and ramming materials, which are usually combined with phosphoric acid or aluminum dihydrogen phosphate, will react with Al2O3 in the material to form insoluble aluminum orthophosphate, which makes the mixture dry prematurely and lose its workability. Therefore, it is necessary to add a concealer which can form a complex with Al3+ ion to inhibit the formation of insoluble aluminum orthophosphate and prolong the shelf life. The preservatives used for plastics and ramming materials combined with phosphoric acid or aluminum dihydrogen phosphate are oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid and so on. Sulfonic salicylic acid and dextrin also have the role of preservative.

12. Inhibitor

Inhibitors can inhibit the expansion caused by the reaction of iron and iron compounds in amorphous refractories with acidic chemical binders, so it is also called anti-expansion agent. When acidic chemical binders (such as phosphoric acid, aluminum dihydrogen phosphate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride and polyaluminum chloride, etc.) are used as binders, the mixture generally needs to go through trapped materials. in order to make the acid binder fully react with the metal iron or ferrous compounds contained in the mixture to release hydrogen, otherwise it will produce expansion and make the material become loose and porous and the strength decreases. If it is used directly without trapping material, an inhibitor must be added. Inhibitor is a kind of complexing agent, which can react with metallic iron to form a complex, which can inhibit expansion. These inhibitors include CrO3, diacetone alcohol, ferric phosphate and so on.

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The latest poll by CSA for consumer finance company Cofidis shows the French are taking action to trim their budgets as inflation erodes household purchasing power.  

According to Le Figaro, the poll shows that French people think they need to earn an average of 490 euros more a month in order to live a decent life. This is an increase of 23 euros compared to the purchasing power barometer published in September 2021. Amid inflation and international tensions, this average in the polls masks differences among households, with some social groups much more severely affected by the decline in purchasing power than others. Seventy-eight percent of single-parent households, 76 percent of 25-to 34-year-olds, and 72 percent of blue-collar workers said the international situation had had a negative impact on their personal finances, compared with 64 percent of all French people.  

In response to rising prices, soaring energy, and food prices, in particular, the French government is preparing to launch a package of measures designed to increase the purchasing power, such as extending the energy price protection mechanism, the extension of the fuel discount measures, and more targeted alternative measures, will be distributed inflation-linked pension and social security benefits, check the "food" and so on.

Because of the soaring energy prices, the pce powder price is predicted to rise in the future.

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